Exercise (MAN IC KENDARI)

Emotion is a complex, subjective experience accompanied by biological and behavioural
changes. Emotion involves feeling and activation of nervous system, psychological, and
behavioural changes such as facial expressions. Different theories exist regarding how and why
people experience emotions. These include evolutionary theories and the James-Lange theory.

More than a century ago, in the 1870s, Charles Darwin proposed the emotions involved
because they had adaptive values. For example, fear evolved because it helped people to act in
ways that enhanced their chances of survival. Darwin believed that facial expressions of emotion are innate. He pointed out that facial expression allow people to quickly judge someone’s hostility or friendliness and to communicate intentions to others.

Recent revolutionary theories of emotion also consider emotions to be essential responses
to stimuli. Evolutionary theorists tend to exclude the influence of thought and learning on
emotions although they acknowledge that both can have an effect. Evolutionary theorists believe that all human cultures share several primary emotions, including happiness, contempt, surprise, disgust, anger, fear, and sadness. They believe that all other emotions result from blend and difference intensities of these primary emotions.

In the 1880s, two theorists, psychologist William James and psychologist Carl Lange,
independently proposed an idea that challenges common sense beliefs about emotions. This idea, which came to be known as the James Lange theory, is that people experience emotions because they perceive their body psychological responses to external events. According to this theory, people do not cry because they feel sad. Rather, people feel sad because they cry, and likewise, they feel happy because they smile. This theory suggests that different psychological state correspond to difference experiences of emotion.

1. What does the passage discuss?
A. Effects of environment on human emotion
B. Various experts’ efforts in defining emotion
C. Different point of views on the account of emotion
D. The influence of laws of evolution in human emotion
E. Collaboration of human psysiology and psychology

2. The word exclude in paragraph 9 is best replaced by...
A. Underline
B. Purpose
C. Relate
D. pinpoint
E. disregard

3. James Lange theory is different from evolutionary theories in therms of?
A. Physiological and psychological aspects of human being
B. The influence of human socio-cultural values
C. How emotion is initiated
D. Why emotion is essential for human beings
E. The interaction between human being and their environment

Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in aducation. On
the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. For
example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT
can improve students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team work skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT
is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it
is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, the school expects that graduates from teachers education programs has a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, it may not be the case because most of current teachers’ pre-service preparation, and subsequent in service-courses were designed by using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participation in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction patterns, features and possibilities of teaching and learning process based on ICT.

This issue becomes complicated because the students thinking skills are often weak.
Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the ‘Net Generation’. Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering and analysis. The problem is that the students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habit of learning.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a
direct process, but the one asking for a careful complex approach. First, a needs assessment is
important to find out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at school. Second, designer of teacher education program should know the pre-service teachers perceptions of ICT and their attitudes toward ICT integration into the curriculum.third, teachers education program need to cpnsider the two typical arguments that support ICT use at schools.

4. With the sentence “One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated
into the curriculum. In the line 7 the author intends to….
A. Emphasize the need for teachers with good literacy in technology
B. Explore the reason for including ICT into the curriculum document
C. Explain the curriculum documents for ICT introduction in education
D. Argue that current teachers already have good knowledge in using ICT
E. Show that teacher education programs have been running expected ICT curriculum

5. The authors’ idea of the relationship between the use of ICT and learning outcome is
analogous with…..
A. Vitamin-heath
B. Speed-aeroplane
C. Harvest-irrigation
D. Cellphone-crime
E. Book-intelligence

6. The assumption the author has about teacher education programs is that…..
A. The program has introduced a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT
B. The programs have found out what ICT skills and knowledge the teachers need
C. The programs have given materials related to the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of
ICT
D. The program were still designed in reference to traditional education technology and
settings
E. The programs have participants who are familiar with the process of technology-
mediated educational transaction

7. Which lines of the passage illustrate the ideal of ICT teacher education programs most
effectively?
A. 4-5
B. 9-11
C. 14-16
D. 16-17
E. 17-20