Selasa, 23 April 2019
Spending Night
The technology of the North American colonies did not differ strikingly
from that of Europe, but in one respect, the colonists enjoyed a great
advantage. Especially by comparison with Britain, Americans had a wonderfully
plentiful supply of wood.
The first colonists did not, as many people imagine, find an entire
continent covered by a climax forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the
forest was broken at many points. Nevertheless, all sorts of fine trees
abounded, and through the early colonial period, those who pushed westward
encountered new forests. By the end of the colonial era, the price of wood had
risen slightly in eastern cities, but wood was still extremely abundant.
The availability of wood brought advantages that have seldom been
appreciated. Wood was a foundation of the economy. Houses and all manner of
buildings were made of wood to a degree unknown in Britain. Secondly, wood was
used as fuel for heating and cooking. Thirdly, it was used as the source of
important industrial compounds, such as potash, an industrial alkali; charcoal,
a component of gunpowder; and tannic acid, used for tanning leather.
The supply of wood conferred advantages but had some negative aspects as
well. Iron at that time was produced by heating iron ore with charcoal. Because
Britain was so stripped of trees, she was unable to exploit her rich iron
mines. But the American colonies had both iron ore and wood; iron production
was encouraged and became successful. However, when Britain developed coke smelting, the Colonies did not follow suit
because they had plenty of wood and besides, charcoal iron was stronger than
coke iron. Coke smelting led to technologic innovations and was linked to the
emergence of the Industrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the former
colonies lagged behind Britain in industrial development because their supply
of wood led them to cling to charcoal iron.
1.
What does
the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The advantages of using wood in the colonies
(B) The effects of an abundance of wood on the colonies
(C) The roots of the Industrial Revolution
(D) The difference between charcoal iron and coke iron
(E) The history of advanced technology in northern
america
2.
The word strikingly in the first paragraph is
closest in meaning to
(A)
realistically.
(B)
dramatically.
(C)
completely.
(D)
immediately.
(E)
increasingly
3.
According
to the passage, by the end of the colonial period, the price of wood in eastern
cities
(A) rose quickly because wood was becoming so scarce.
(B) was much higher than it was in Britain.
(C) was slightly higher than in previous years.
(D) decreased rapidly because of lower demand for wood.
(E) was as much as the same within a few years
4.
What can
be inferred about houses in Britain during the period written about in the
passage?
(A) They were more expensive than American houses.
(B) They were generally built with imported materials.
(C) They were typically smaller than homes in North
America.
(D) They were usually built from materials other than
wood.
(E) Concrete and iron are compulsory material to build
them
5.
The phrase
follow suit in paragraph 4 means
(A)
do the same thing.
(B)
make an attempt.
(C)
have the opportunity.
(D)
take a risk.
(E)
clothes
6.
According
to the passage, why was the use of coke smelting advantageous?
(A) It led to advances in technology.
(B) It was less expensive than wood smelting.
(C) It produced a stronger type of iron than wood
smelting.
(D) It stimulated the demand for wood.
(E) there was huge and amid expectation in kind of
technology
The Peales were a distinguished family of American artists. Charles
Willson Peale is best remembered for his portraits of leading figures of the
American Revolution. He painted portraits of Franklin and Jefferson and over a
dozen of George Washington. His life-size portrait of his sons Raphaelle and
Titian was so realistic that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat
to the figures in the picture.
Charles Willson Peale gave up painting in his middle age and devoted his
life to the Peale Museum, which he founded in Philadelphia. The world’s first
popular museum of art and natural science, it featured paintings by Peale and
his family as well as displays of animals in their natural settings. Peale
found the animals himself and devised a method of taxidermy to make the
exhibits more lifelike. The museum’s most popular display was the skeleton of a
mastodon—a huge, extinct elephant—which Peale unearthed on a New York farm in
1801.
Three of Peale’s seventeen children were also famous artists. Raphaelle Peale
often painted still lifes of flowers, fruit, and cheese. His works show the
same luminosity and attention to detail that the works of the Dutch masters
show. In the late eighteenth century, however, portraiture was the rage, and so
Raphaelle Peale found few buyers for his still lifes at the time. His brother
Rembrandt studied under his father and painted portraits of many noted people,
including one of George Washington. Another brother, Rubens Peale, painted
mostly landscapes and portraits. James Peale, the brother of Charles Willson
Peale, specialized in miniatures. His daughter Sarah Miriam Peale was probably
the first professional female portrait painter in America.
7.
We can
imply from the text, EXCEPT...
(A)
The Peales
were known for including presidents as their object of painting
(B)
The
initial museum of art and natural science, which is popular, is estabilished by
one of the Peales
(C)
Rembrant
is actually a painter
(D)
The peales
were also known in archeology
(E)
George
Washington once amazed by one of the works of Charles Willson Peale
8.
What is
the main topic of the passage?
(A)
The life of Charles Willson Peale
(B)
Portraiture in the eighteenth century
(C)
The Peale Museum
(D)
A family of artists
(E)
Rembrandt’s painting
9.
The author
probably mentions that Washington tipped his hat to the figures in the painting
(paragraph 1) to indicate that ….
(A) Washington has something in his hat
(B) Washington respected Charles Willson Peale’s work.
(C) Washington was friendly with Raphaelle and Titian
Peale.
(D) the painting of the two brothers was extremely
large.
(E) Charles Willson Peale’s painting was very lifelike.
10.
Which of
the following questions about the Peale Museum does the passage NOT supply
enough information to answer?
(A)
Who found and prepared its animal exhibits?
(B)
In what city was it located?
(C)
Where did its most popular exhibit come from?
(D)
In what year was it established?
(E)
What kind of exhibition does the museum has?
11.
The word unearthed in the second paragraph is
closest in meaning to …..
(A)
displayed.
(B)
dug up.
(C)
located.
(D)
looked over.
(E)
on the ground
12.
According
to the passage, Rembrandt Peale and his father both painted ….
(A)
miniatures.
(B)
portraits of George Washington.
(C)
paintings of flowers, fruit, and cheese.
(D)
pictures of animals.
(E)
portraits of Thomas Jefferson
13.
Which of
the following is NOT one of the children of Charles Willson Peale?
(A)
Titian Peale
(B)
Rubens Peale
(C)
Sarah Miriam Peale
(D)
Rembrandt
(E)
Raphaelle Peale
14.
The
author’s attitude toward the Peales’ is in general …
(A)
envious.
(B)
puzzled.
(C)
admiring.
(D)
disappointed.
(E) mystery
According to the best evidence gathered by space probes and astronomers,
Mars is an inhospitable planet, more similar to Earth’s Moon than to Earth
itself—a dry, stark, seemingly lifeless world. Mars’ air pressure is
equal to Earth’s at an altitude of 100,000 feet. The air there is 95 percent
carbon dioxide. Mars has no ozone layer to screen out the sun’s lethal
radiation. Daytime temperatures may reach above freezing, but because the
planet is blanketed by the mere wisp of an atmosphere, the heat radiates back
into space. Even at the equator, the temperature drops to −50°C (−60°F) at
night. Today there is no liquid water, although valleys and channels on the
surface show evidence of having been carved by running water. The polar ice
caps are made of frozen water and carbon dioxide, and water may be frozen in
the ground as permafrost.
Despite these difficult conditions, certain scientists believe that
there is a possibility of transforming Mars into a more Earth-like planet.
Nuclear reactors might be used to melt frozen gases and eventually build up the
atmosphere. This in turn could create a greenhouse effect that would stop heat
from radiating back into space. Liquid water could be thawed to form a polar
ocean. Once enough ice has melted, suitable plants could be introduced to build
up the level of oxygen in the atmosphere so that, in time, the planet would
support animal life from Earth and even permanent human colonies. “This was
once thought to be so far in the future as to be irrelevant,” said Christopher
McKay, a research scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. “But now it’s starting to look practical. We could begin work
in four or five decades.
”The idea of “terra-forming” Mars, as enthusiasts call it, has its roots
in science fiction. But as researchers develop a more profound understanding of
how Earth’s ecology supports life, they have begun to see how it may be
possible to create similar conditions on Mars. Don’t plan on homesteading on
Mars any time soon, though. The process could take hundreds or even thousands
of years to complete, and the cost would be staggering.
15.
With which
of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
(A) The possibility of changing the Martian environment
(B) The challenge of interplanetary travel
(C) The advantages of establishing colonies on Mars
(D) The need to study the Martian ecology
(E) How mars fulfills the requirement of living
creature
16.
The word stark in the first paragraph is closest
in meaning to
(A)
harsh.
(B)
unknown.
(C)
dark.
(D)
distant.
(E)
pole
17.
Which of
the following does the author NOT list as a characteristic of the planet Mars
that would make colonization difficult?
(A)
There is little liquid water.
(B)
Daytime temperatures are dangerously high.
(C)
The sun’s rays are deadly.
(D)
Nighttime temperatures are extremely low.
(E)
The rate of Carbon dioxide in the surface
18.
It can be
inferred from the passage that the greenhouse effect mentioned in the second
paragraph is
(A)
the direct result of nuclear reactions.
(B)
the cause of low temperatures on Mars.
(C)
caused by the introduction of green plants.
(D)
a possible means of warming Mars.
(E)
the gas probably makes condition would be the same with Earth
19.
According
to Christopher McKay, the possibility of transforming Mars
(A) could only occur in science fiction stories.
(B) will not begin for hundreds, even thousands of
years.
(C) is completely impractical.
(D) if there is scientific breakthrough, it can be
started in recent years.
(E) could be started in forty to fifty years.
20.
According
to the article, the basic knowledge needed to transform Mars comes from
(A)
the science of astronomy.
(B)
a knowledge of Earth’s ecology.
(C)
data from space probes.
(D)
science fiction stories.
(E)
fake evidence
21.
The word staggering in the third paragraph is
closest in meaning to
(A)
astonishing.
(B)
restrictive.
(C)
increasing.
(D)
unpredictable.
(E)
predictable
Another critical factor that plays a part in susceptibility to colds is
age. A study done by the University of Michigan School of Public Health
revealed particulars that seem to hold true for the general population.
Infants are the most cold-ridden group, averaging more than six colds in their
first year. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of
three, girls are more susceptible than boys, and teenage girls average three
colds a year to boys’ two.
The general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity.
Elderly people who are in good health have as few as one or two colds annually.
One exception is found among people in their twenties, especially women, who
show a rise in cold infections, because people in this age group are most
likely to have young children. Adults who delay having children until their
thirties and forties experience the same sudden increase in cold infections.
The study also found that economics plays an important role. As income
increases, the frequency at which colds are reported in the family decreases.
Families with the lowest income suffer about a third more colds than families
at the highest end. Lower income in general forces people to live in more
cramped quarters than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and
crowding increases the opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person
to person. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility to colds
is not yet clearly established, but an inadequate diet is suspected of lowering
resistance in general.
22.
The
paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(A)
minor diseases other than colds.
(B)
the recommended treatment of colds.
(C)
a factor that affects susceptibility to colds.
(D)
methods of preventing colds among elderly people.
(E)
the influence of age in getting a cold
23.
Which of
the following is closest in meaning to the word particulars in the first
paragraph?
(A)
Minor errors
(B)
Specific facts
(C)
Small distinctions
(D)
Individual people
(E)
Public schools
24.
What does
the author claim about the study discussed in the passage?
(A) It contains many inconsistencies.
(B) It specializes in children.
(C) It contradicts the results of earlier studies in
the field.
(D) It involves a fabricated and made up research
(E) Its results apparently are relevant for the
population as a whole.
25.
According
to the passage, which of the following groups of people is most likely to catch
colds?
(A)
Infant boys
(B)
Young girls
(C)
Teenage boys
(D)
Elderly women
(E)
Pregnant woman
26.
There is
information in the second paragraph of the passage to support which of the
following conclusions?
(A) Men are more susceptible to colds than women.
(B) Children infect their parents with colds.
(C) People who live in a cold climate have more colds
than those who live in a warm one.
(D) People who don’t have children are more susceptible
to colds than those who do.
(E) Economic is also need to be considered in factor
influencing to colds’ susceptible
27.
The
author’s main purpose in writing the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) explain how cold viruses are transmitted.
(B) prove that a poor diet causes colds.
(C) discuss the relationship between income and
frequency of colds.
(D) discuss the distribution of income among the people
in the study.
(E) prove just how significant the closer the relation
between parents, the easier they will get a cold
28.
The
author’s tone in this passage could best be described as
(A)
conventional
(B)
humorous.
(C)
tentative but interested.
(D)
highly critical.
(E)
neutral and objective.
India has a very poor rate of illiteracy,
much lower than that of countries like korea, china, and Even Thailand. Due to
this India has to face a number of problems such as over-population, poverty,
unemployment, etc. It is found that in
recent times the peple of this country have become more aware of these
problems. Hence, even the poorest are taking interest in getting their little
ones educated.
In india, there are a large number of old
people who are totally uneducated. Being illiterate, they are unable to
understand their rights and responsibility towards their country. For them, the
government has planned the system of Adult Education in vilages through certain
system like T.V. series, documentary films, and regular classes.
Adult education does not mean full detailed
education. It mainly comprises knowledge of the three R’s. The three R’s
include reading, writing, and arithmatic. It means only fundamental and basic
knowledge which can make them aware of their basic rights and responsibilities
towards their own families and also toward their notion.
Being illiterate, the elders do not know the
full value of education. Most of them belong to the labour class and they want
to see their little ones take up the same trades as theirs. But they are
unaware of the fact that an officers gets a monthly salary which may be equal
to the income of their whole family for many months, maybe even a year. Adult
education can therefore make them understand the value of education.
Another benefit of adult education is that
when these illiterate people are educated, they will no longer be cheated by
the crafty traders. They will also be able to think about jobs which can fetch
them more wages. It is not so easy a task to make a fool of an educated person.
So’ during the elections we can form a good government, that can lead our
country on the path of progress. It can happen only when our elders are
educated. Only then can they know about the true value of their vote.
29.
The text tells us about. . .
A.
Adult education in India
B.
India’s education system
C.
The labour class of India
D.
The position of folder people in India
E.
The life of the labour class in India
30.
Why does the writer think that India does not have a good Government?
A.
It concentrates to much on the education sector
B.
Population continues to increase rapidly
C.
People are responsible for their tasks to their country
D.
Old people do not have full rights as citizen
E.
Most of the elder voters in the election are illiterate people
31.
The following are the benefits of adult education for people in India,
EXCEPT
A.
To make people aware of the benefits of the importance of education
B.
To enable people to earn more in order to have better jobs
C.
To give chidren a good education to obtain better jobs
D.
To take revenge on crafty traders who overcharged customers
E.
To prevent to the uneducated from being cheated by others
32.
With the Adult Education policy, the government of India expects that .
. .
A.
There will be no more illiterate adults
B.
Older people will form a good government
C.
Many national problems can be solved
D.
Its army will consist of educated officers
E.
Citizen will all work for the government
33.
Adult Education is given through . . .
A.
The teaching of basic sciences
B.
Various information media
C.
Communication with the labour class
D.
Education in military schools
E.
Trainings in private institution
34.
“. . . they will no onger be cheated by the crafty traders.”
The underlined word is similar in meaning to . . .
A.
Authentic
B.
Truthful
C.
Direct
D.
Devious
E.
Trustworthy
35.
“For them, the government has planned the system of Adult Education.”
The word ‘them’ refers to . . .
A.
The government
B.
The old noblemen
C.
The illiterate people
D.
The youths
E.
The chldren
Although they are an
inexpensive supplier of vitamin, mineral, and high-quality protein, eggs also
contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the major causes of heart disease.
One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested
daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly
in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several
alternatives to eating regular eggs. One alternative is to eat substitute eggs.
These eggs substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs
when they are cooked. They have advantage of having lower cholesterol rates,
and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is taht
they are not good for trying, poaching, or boiling. A second alternative to
regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer eggs’. These
eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets consisting of ingredient
such as canola oil, flax, an rice bran. In spite of their diets, however, these
hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as reguler eggs.
Yet, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise
the blood cholesterol in humans.
Egg producers claim
that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to
back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and
human cholesterol levels have brought mixed result. It may be that it is not
the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who
is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived
from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary
fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while
it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even ‘designer’ eggs, it
seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce the blood
cholesterol level.
36.
Eggs provide a lot of substance which are good for people’s health;
however, they _____
A.
Supply vitamin
B.
Contain minerals
C.
Are inexpensive
D.
Provide the needed protein
E.
Contain a high level of cholesterol
37.
The text concludes that in terms of eating eggs, human cholesterol
levels are determined by
_____
A.
The type of eggs consumed
B.
The ingredients of the eggs
C.
One’s sensitivity to cholesterol
D.
Regulating dietary fats
E.
Daily consumption of eggs
38.
‘designer’ eggs differ from regular eggs because of . . .
A.
The changed diet for hen
B.
The low rate of cholesterol content
C.
The different protein they supply
D.
The disadvantage they give to costumers
E.
The content of the protein they have
39.
Why have the sales of regular eggs declined?
A.
There are low of egg substitutes in the market
B.
Consuming eggs may not be good for one’s heart
C.
Eggs substitute are much more inexpensive
D.
Regular eggs contain less protein than eggs substitutes
E.
It has been found taht eggs contain too much fat
40.
What is the main purpose of the text?
A.
To convince people to eat ‘designer’ eggs and egg substitutes
B.
To persuade people that is unhealthy to eat eggs
C.
To introduce the idea that dietary fat increases the blood cholesterol
level
D.
To inform people about the relationship between eggs and cholesterol
E. To
show the difference in producing various kinds of eggs.
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